There is no other spiritual teaching more liable to be misunderstood, or misused than that of karma. On a basic level it can be described as- everything has its consequence. These consequences can be either a good or wholesome outcome or a bad or unwholesome outcome, for safe measure Buddhism also creates a designation that is not wholly either of the first two, a neutral outcome.
Karma within a Buddhist context, it's an extension of the Buddha's primary teaching of Prattitya Samutpada, often rather clumsily translated as Conditioned Co Production. That all things arise and cease in the world due to the conditions surrounding them, one of which is our interactions with it. Not everything in those interactions is within our ability to control, only our personal individual behaviour, our perceptions and reactions. Hence why karma becomes important in what arises and ceases.
Any notion of karma has to be held very very lightly. It's a rough provisional principle for considering the consequences of your actions. What is likely to happen if I think, say or do this? It should never be confused with fate. Sometimes the consequential feed back we get can be instant. But we all must know of instances where an individual behaves terribly and appears to not suffer any negative consequence for the unethical nature of their actions. They appear to be getting away with it. Sometimes we appear to be getting away with it. This feasibly could undermine our confidence in the whole efficacy of karma.
In response to these sort of instances, as is frequently Buddhism's tendency, there has been much effort put into defining and cataloging a litany of levels on which karma operates. For example - the severity of the karmic consequence can depend on our proximity to the unethical action - Negative karma can be delayed, or assuaged by subsequent positive karmic actions - Karma can be passed on to future rebirths. In the process of coming up with all these specific explanations, they do nothing but throw up more questions and inconsistencies to be ironed out. They all fly in the face of the Buddha's own words that it was futile to attempt to fully understand or explain the workings of karma.
Karma's only real usefulness is as an ethical metaphor, through which to view our present thoughts, speech and actions. As an idea it has a limited range within which it is practically useful. Once you step beyond that, into what happens with karma after death, you move into extremely tricky and potentially misleading territory of theoretical propositions.
And yet in conversations, the Buddha would be asked, or he would state, what the spiritual attainment of a person would be, what they would become by the end of their life. These were karmic discussions about the consequences of a lifetime of spiritual practice. He used a hierarchy of terms that reflected when someone's Enlightenment would be, in this life, the next life, or states in between. With evocative names like Stream Entrant, Once Returner, Non Returner and Arahant. Were these reflections of the truth of the matter, or merely meant as possibly useful metaphors to a mendicant monk? What is probably more important is are they useful to us now?
In my early years of involvement in Buddhism, it was common to find people talking about the general direction of their spiritual practice in terms of whether they were attempting to gain Enlightenment in this life or not. On the surface it appeared to be dependent upon how ambitious were you? Were you mentally delaying Enlightenment, banking on a future life in which to get your act together in.? What if this life was your one and only opportunity to gain Enlightenment and you blew it? Certainly if you were not sure there was a future life at all after this one, then the necessity to go for it in this life would only be further heightened. Throw ideas of a personal karmic inheritance into this mix, and you can probably sense what an effect these sort of ideas could have upon any ideologically driven young person. It sort of lets in ones ego and desire for status to gain a perverting foothold in your spiritual practice.
In my own case I think there was one period in my spiritual development, when this whole idea of Enlightenment or bust, would just throw me into a complete existential panic. On the cusp of middle age, was I already too late to get myself on the fast track to Enlightenment? A consequence of this was I became very driven, hard line and applied a rigid self discipline, I felt I needed to put a lot of work in simply to catch up. And if this spiritual work appeared to fail, then maybe it was me, that I had some old karma to burn off. Or was it the karma of poor self esteem and low confidence that provided leverage, to pull the rug from underneath your stringent efforts? The opportunities for self flagellation I found are numerous in the spiritual life.
If creating the right conditions was important, then surely a monastic environment would be the most likely to produce Enlightenment? Well, not necessarily, its never that simple. Though that didn't stop me holding such a view for a few years, and I was all for forming a more monastic style community with a Rule and everything else. When you appeared to be doing all the right things, but still not getting very far with meditation etc, then its not you its the conditions, becomes a convenient scapegoat. Either that or you still aren't practicing hard enough, it needs yet more intensity. However, if Enlightenment was solely the result of the amount of energy and time you gave it, then we'd all be celestial Buddhas in a matter of a few arduous months.
How you apply yourself, and Why are in the end more important than What you apply yourself too. The Buddha's reputed last words were 'With mindfulness strive on' , not a brief reminder about karma, or the beauty of the Enlightened state, or a relevant teaching about the true nature of reality. Just continue to be mindful. There is an example in the life of the Buddha, where a lay disciple got hold of entirely the wrong end of the stick about a teaching, but because they had practiced that incorrect teaching so faithfully and with such devotion, they had made immense spiritual progress. This indicates that cultivating our faith and devotion are probably more significant than their 'near enemies' - applying willpower and discipline ( near enemies, in that the former are very easily replaced by the latter ). Though willpower and discipline can have a role to play, without increasing the faith and devotion copper bottoming them, they become leaky vessels incapable of developing or holding the Awakening Mind.
These days I've mostly ceased thinking in terms of Enlightenment as a goal. If we have just this life, then I've got precious little time left to pull that one off. My aim, if I have one, is a very human and earthly one, to enjoy whatever that period of time turns out to be. If I have another lifetime after this one, then what I do now will have its importance. In the end, no matter how I decide to couch it its what I do now that will matter. Whether I'll ever be a Stream Entrant, Once or Non Returner or an Arahant, seems entirely superfluous to how I choose to live my life in this present precious moment. All without creating expectations of what may result through my doing so.
TEACHING OF THE WEEK
"Thus, the views of all beings are not the same. Question this matter now. Are there many ways to see one thing, or is it a mistake to see many forms as one thing? Pursue this beyond the limit of pursuit. Accordingly, endeavours in practice-realisation of the way are not limited to one or two kinds. The thoroughly actualised realm has one thousand kinds and ten thousand ways."*
From The Mountains & Rivers Sutra by Dogen
in a translation by the San Francisco Zen Centre.